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MATHEMATICS OF CHAMAKAM

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Kalyanasundaram Ramachandaran MATHEMATICS IN CHAMAKAM Mathematics is a part of our daily life in several ways. Hence, it is no wonder that it has come to occupy an important place in religio us rituals also. This is what we find particularly in the Hindu way of life or the Hindu religion. Worshippers of Lord Siva recite Rudram with 11 sections followed by Chamakam with 11 sections as a routine prayer every day. This is called the daily nyasam or mode of worship. In the Rudram part, the devotee pays repeated obeisance to Lord Siva and prays for his blessings for human well being. But on special occasions, the number of times the recitation is done is increased. In Rudra Ekadasi, Rudram is recited 11 times and Chamakam is recited once. After Rudram is recited once, one section or anuvaka of Chamakam is recited in order. In Laghu rudhram, Rudra Ekadasi is done 11 times, that is, Rudram is recited 112 or 121 times and Chamakam is recited 11 times. In Maharudram, 11 Laghurudram...

CELL A UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

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A cell is a unit of structure and function in living organisms. In multicellular organisms there is a division of labor among cells. Different cells are specialized for different functions. The function of the organism as a whole is the result of the sum of activities and interactions of different cells and of different components of the cell. In animals e.g. muscle cells, contract and relax, nerve cells transmit impulses, gland cells secrete, red blood cells carry oxygen and some stomach cells secrete gastric juice. Similarly in plants xylem cells conduct water and mineral salts from soil to the aerial parts of the plant. Phloem cells translocate food, sclerenchymatous cells give support to the plants, chlorenchymatous cells carry out photosynthesis, parenchymatous cells store surplus food and Meristematic cells produce new cells for growth and development of the plant. As they perform different functions they show great variation in shape and size. Despite the structural and function...

Inner Mysteries of a Midge Larva

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Small aquatic organisms - like this midge larva that came from the water butt outside my greenhouse - are conveniently transparent, so you can watch the internals workings of their bodies with amazing clarity under the microscope. The short video clip here shows a wave of muscular contraction driving food through this insect larvas gut.

The Challenges of Writing Nonfiction for Beginning Readers

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As a childrens book author, I write nonfiction mostly. Quite a few of those books are for beginning readers. The challenges of writing for this group are considerable. With a limited word count you have to write simply and clearly, while keeping your readers attention. This is also true for those who write fiction, of course. With nonfiction, though, the writer has the added onus of having to distill complex ideas so that a six-year-old can understand them. Take biography. Imagine you are writing a bio of a United States president, say, Abraham Lincoln. You dont know what your young reader already knows about Abe, so you have to start from scratch. How do you cover Lincolns beginnings, his early years as a lawyer, his presidency, slavery, the Civil War, and his death in under 2,000 words? If you are author Martha Brenner, you dont. Instead of attempting a traditional biography, Brenner chose the conceit of Lincolns stovepipe hat to frame her early reader of our sixteenth presidents lif...

Muscles of upper limb

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The muscles of upper limb are divided into: shoulder arm forearm hand Muscles of shoulder Deltoid Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Subscapularis Deltoid Origin : lateral one-third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula Insertion : deltoid tuberosity of humerus Action : abducts the arm; anterior part may flexes and medically rotates the arm and the posterior part extends and laterally rotates arm Supraspinatus Origin : the supraspinous fossa of the scapula Insertion : upper of the three facets on the greater tubercle of the humerus. Action : stabilizes shoulder joint and abducts the arm Infraspinatus Origin : the infraspinous fossa of the scapula Insertion : middle facets on the greater tubercle of the humerus. Action : stabilizes shoulder joint and laterally rotates the humerus. Teres minor Origin : the upper two-thirds of lateral border of the scapular on the dorsal surface. Insertion : the lowest facet on the greater tubercle of the humerus. Action : laterall...

Essentials of Pharmacoeconomics

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Essentials of Pharmacoeconomics (Point (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)) [Print Replica] [Kindle Edition] Author: Karen Rascati | Language: English | ISBN: B00JLRQM2S | Format: PDF, EPUB Description Book Details Table of Contents Reviews Essentials of Pharmacoeconomics ) Download books file now Essentials of Pharmacoeconomics (Point (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)) [Print Replica] [Kindle Edition] from mediafire, rapishare, and mirror link This text provides a straightforward explanation of the essential pharmacoeconomics topics outlined by The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE). It defines terminology used in research and covers the application of economic-based evaluation methods to pharmaceutical products and services, making it perfect for the student or practitioner who is unfamiliar with "pharmacoeconomics." Readers will find examples of how pharmacoeconomic evaluations relate to decisions that affect patient care and health-related qua...

Mysterious Oil Pits of Titusville Pennsylavania

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Mysterious Oil Pits of Titusville, Pennsylavania "Pennsylvania Sweet Crude", a golden olive colored oil was extracted from the oil pits.  History of Venango County, Pennsylvania 1890 Again, the ancient oil pits reach far back of the historic period. They are found on Oil creek. These pits are very numerous and bear the mark of antiquity. They are generally oblong in form, about four by six feet, and from four to six feet in depth, notwithstanding the wear and tear of centuries and the accumulation of extraneous matter. The deeper and larger ones have been cribbed with timber at the sides to preserve their form. This crib- bing was roughly done; the logs were split in halves, stripped of their bark, and safely adjusted at the corners. The walls seem to have been so thou - oughly saturated with oil as to be preserved almost entire to this day. These pits are on the west side of Oil creek, about two miles below Titus- ville , and in this county. They cover perhaps five hundred...